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Shia Islam
''Shia'' (; (アラビア語:شيعة) ''Shīʿah''), an abbreviation of ''Shīʻatu ʻAlī'' (, "followers of Ali"), is a denomination of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad's proper successor as Caliph was his son-in-law and cousin Ali ibn Abi Talib. Shia Islam primarily contrasts with Sunni Islam, whose adherents believe that Muhammad's father-in-law Abu Bakr, not Ali ibn Abi Talib, was his proper successor.
Adherents of Shia Islam are called Shias or the Shi'a as a collective or Shi'i individually.〔''Shi'a'' is an alternative spelling of ''Shia'', and ''Shi'ite'' of ''Shiite''. In subsequent sections, the spellings ''Shia'' and ''Shiite'' are adopted for consistency, except where the alternative spelling is in the title of a reference.〕 Shia Islam is the second-largest denomination of Islam: in 2009, Shia Muslims constituted 10–13% of the world's Muslim population, and between 68% and 80% of Shias lived in four countries: Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and India.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ )〕 Twelver Shia (''Ithnā'ashariyyah'') is the largest branch of Shia Islam. In 2012 it was estimated that perhaps 85 percent of Shias were Twelvers.
Shia Islam is based on the Quran and the message of the Islamic prophet Muhammad attested in hadith recorded by the Shia, and certain books deemed sacred to the Shia (Nahj al-Balagha).〔Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam." Oxford University Press, 2002 | ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0. p. 40〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=From the article on Shii Islam in Oxford Islamic Studies Online )〕 Shia consider Ali to have been divinely appointed as the successor to Muhammad, and as the first Imam. The Shia also extend this "Imami" doctrine to Muhammad's family, the ''Ahl al-Bayt'' ("the People of the House"), and certain individuals among his descendants, known as ''Imams'', who they believe possess special spiritual and political authority over the community, infallibility, and other divinely-ordained traits.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Lesson 13: Imam’s Traits )〕 Although there are myriad Shia subsects, modern Shia Islam has been divided into three main groupings: Twelvers, Ismailis and Zaidis, with Twelver Shia being the largest and most influential group among Shia.〔Tabataba'i (1979), p. 76〕〔God's rule: the politics of world religions - Page 146, Jacob Neusner - 2003〕〔Esposito, John. "What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam," Oxford University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0. p.40〕
==Etymology==
(詳細は''Exploring the Spirituality of the World Religions'' ), p.192〕 and is the short form of the historic phrase ' ( ), meaning "followers of Ali", "faction of Ali", or "party of Ali".〔The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Jacob E. Safra, Chairman of the Board, 15th Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 1998, ISBN 0-85229-663-0, Vol 10, p. 738〕 ''Shi'a'' and ''Shiism'' are forms used in English, while ''Shi'ite'' or ''Shiite'', as well as ''Shia'', refer to its adherents.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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